Five Writs to the Courts

नेपालमा अदालतले जारी गर्ने प्रमुख ५ रिटहरूको विस्तृत जानकारी

१) हेबियस कर्पस (Habeas Corpus) अर्थ: "शरीरको उपस्थित गर" भन्ने आदेश।

उद्देश्य: गैरकानूनी रूपमा थुनामा राखिएको व्यक्तिलाई तुरुन्त अदालत अगाडि प्रस्तुत गर्न आदेश दिन।

कहिले लागू हुन्छ?

बिना कागज–पत्र पक्राउ

म्याद नबढाई लामो समय थुना

घरमै नजरबन्द वा अपहरण

हिरासत दुरुपयोग

कसले दायर गर्न सक्छ?

जेलमा परेका व्यक्ति वा परिवार, सम्बन्धी, वा जो–कसैले सार्वजनिक हितमा।

फाइदा:अदालतले तुरुन्त व्यक्तिलाई रिहा गरिदिन सक्छ।सरकारी अत्याचार रोक्छ।

२) म्यान्डेमस (Mandamus)

अर्थ: "कर्तव्य निर्वाह कर" भन्ने आदेश।

उद्देश्य: कानुनले तोकेको कर्तव्य राज्य निकायले गर्न बाँकी राखेमा त्यही कर्तव्य पूरा गराउन आदेश।

कहिले प्रयोग हुन्छ? सरकारी कर्मचारीले काम नमानेको, सेवा सुविधा रोकिएको, लाइसेन्स, नागरिकता, पासपोर्ट जानी–जानी नदिएको, अनुसन्धान गर्नुपर्ने केसमा लापरवाही

कसले दायर गर्न सक्छ? जो कोही जसको अधिकार प्रभावित भएको छ।

३) सर्टिओरारी (Certiorari)

अर्थ: "न्यायिक वा अर्ध–न्यायिक निकायबाट आएको गैरकानूनी निर्णयलाई खारेज गर्ने आदेश"।

उद्देश्य: गलत, मनपरी, अधिकार क्षेत्रबाहिरको, वा प्राकृतिक न्यायविपरीतको निर्णयलाई रद्द गराउने।

कहिले लागू हुन्छ? सरकारी निर्णय मनपरी वा पक्षपातपूर्ण भएमा, अदालत/निकायले कानुनी प्रक्रिया पालन नगरेमा अधिकार नपुगेको ठाउँमा निर्णय गरेको

फाइदा: गैरकानूनी निर्णय तुरुन्तै निरस्त हुन्छ।

४) प्रोहेविसन (Prohibition)

अर्थ: "यो कार्य थाहा, रोक" भन्ने आदेश।

उद्देश्य: कुनै न्यायिक/अर्ध–न्यायिक निकायले आफ्नो अधिकार क्षेत्र नाघेको कार्य रोक्न।

कहिले प्रयोग हुन्छ? कर वा जग्गा निकासा गलत रूपमा अघि बढेको सरकारी कार्यालयले गैरकानूनी रूपमा कारबाही सुरु गरेको। अधिकार क्षेत्रमै नपर्ने विषयमा अनुसन्धान/निर्णय गर्न लागेको

फाइदा: गैरकानूनी कार्य रोकिंदै, नागरिक अधिकार जोगिन्छ।

५) अधिकात पृच्छा (Quo Warranto)

अर्थ: "तिमी कुन अधिकारले त्यो पदमा बसको?"

उद्देश्य: अवैध रूपमा कुनै व्यक्तिले सार्वजनिक पद ओगटेको छ कि छैन भनी छानबिन गरी पदबाट हटाउने।

कहिले प्रयोग हुन्छ? योग्यता नपुग्ने व्यक्ति सरकारी पदमा बसेको, नियुक्ति प्रक्रिया गैरकानूनी भएमा भ्रष्टाचार वा धोका देखिएको

कसले दायर गर्न सक्छ? जो कोही नागरिक (Public interest standing)।

रिटहरूको महत्व

रिट मुख्य उद्देश्य परिणाम

Habeas Corpus गैरकानूनी थुना रोक   तुरुन्त मुक्त

Mandamus        राज्यलाई कर्तव्य गराउन बाध्यकारी आदेश

Certiorari           गलत निर्णय खारेज    निर्णय निरस्त

Prohibition        गैरकानूनी प्रक्रिया रोक प्रक्रियामै रोकथाम

Quo Warranto  अवैध पदधारण चुनौती  पदबाट हटाइने

Five Major Writs Issued by the Court

1) Habeas Corpus

Meaning: An order meaning “produce the body before the court.”

Purpose: To order that a person who is detained or kept in custody illegally be immediately produced before the court.

When is it applicable?

• Arrest without legal documents
• Detention for a long time without extending the remand period
• House arrest or abduction
• Abuse of authority during custody

Who can file it?

• The detained person
• Family members or relatives
• Any person filing in public interest

Benefits:

• The court can immediately release the detained person.
• Prevents abuse of authority by the State.

2) Mandamus

Meaning: An order meaning “perform your legal duty.”

Purpose:

To compel a public body or official to perform a duty that is legally required but has been ignored or refused.

When is it used?

• When government employees refuse to perform their duties
• When services or facilities are intentionally withheld
• When licenses, citizenship certificates, passports, etc. are deliberately not issued
• Negligence in investigation or administrative procedures

Who can file it?

Any person whose legal rights have been affected.

3) Certiorari

Meaning: An order issued to quash illegal, arbitrary, or jurisdictional errors made by judicial or quasi-judicial bodies.

Purpose:

To cancel decisions that are unlawful, arbitrary, beyond jurisdiction, or against the principles of natural justice.

When is it applicable?

• When government decisions are arbitrary or biased
• When courts or administrative bodies do not follow proper legal procedures
• When decisions are made without proper authority

Benefits:

The illegal decision is immediately nullified.

4) Prohibition

Meaning: An order meaning “stop this action immediately.”

Purpose:

To prevent a judicial or quasi-judicial authority from acting beyond its legal jurisdiction.

When is it used?

• When tax or land-related actions are being carried out illegally
• When a government office starts unlawful proceedings
• When an authority begins to investigate or decide on matters outside its jurisdiction

Benefits:

Illegal actions are stopped in time, protecting citizens’ rights.

5) Quo Warranto

Meaning: “By what authority are you holding this office?”

Purpose:

To investigate whether a person has illegally occupied a public office, and to remove them if the position is held unlawfully.

When is it applicable?

• When an unqualified person occupies a public office
• When the appointment process is illegal
• When corruption or fraud is suspected in holding the position

Who can file it?

Any citizen (public interest litigation).

Importance of Writs

Writ

Main Purpose

Result

Habeas Corpus

Prevent illegal detention

Immediate release

Mandamus

Compel the State to perform duties

Binding order

Certiorari

Quash illegal decisions

Decision cancelled

Prohibition

Stop illegal proceedings

Prevents unlawful actions

Quo Warranto

Challenge illegal holding of public office

Removal from position

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